The European Union’s summit approved a “Buy European” policy framework during discussions aimed at transforming Europe’s approach to industrial competitiveness. Leaders from all 27 member states agreed on implementing targeted and proportional European preference in strategic sectors as part of comprehensive competitiveness reforms.
The summit’s timing reflected multiple converging pressures creating unprecedented urgency for European action. The 2022 energy crisis exposed vulnerabilities European leaders had rationalized for decades. Germany’s industrial model built around cheap Russian gas collapsed when Russia weaponized energy supplies, forcing painful adjustment that continues to constrain German economic growth. Across Europe, high energy costs relative to the United States have driven investment abroad and shuttered factories, particularly in energy-intensive sectors like chemicals and metals. The crisis demonstrated that economic efficiency considerations must be balanced against resilience and strategic autonomy concerns.
Donald Trump’s potential return to the American presidency has focused European minds on strategic autonomy—the ability to defend European interests even without American support. Trump has threatened to withdraw American security guarantees unless Europeans increase defense spending and buy more American products. He has imposed tariffs on European exports and threatened more. His transactional approach to alliances treats European partners as competitors to be pressured rather than allies to be supported. While current American leadership has been more supportive, the possibility that Trump or similar leaders could regain power creates imperative for Europe to reduce dependencies on American markets, technology, and security guarantees.
China’s industrial policies pose perhaps the most fundamental long-term challenge to European competitiveness. China’s state-directed capitalism channels massive resources into strategic sectors, enabling Chinese companies to rapidly build capabilities and market share. Chinese subsidies allow companies to sell below cost to drive foreign competitors out of business, after which Chinese firms can exercise market power. This pattern has devastated European solar panel manufacturing and threatens similar outcomes in batteries, electric vehicles, semiconductors, and other strategic sectors. China’s approach fundamentally violates World Trade Organization principles, but enforcement mechanisms have proved inadequate to prevent these practices or provide remedies for injured European industries.
Irish Prime Minister Micheál Martin’s caution about maintaining Europe’s “open free trade ethos” reflects genuine concerns that European preference could trigger retaliation. Ireland’s economy depends heavily on foreign direct investment, particularly from American technology and pharmaceutical companies using Ireland as their European headquarters. Irish leaders worry that European protectionism could provoke American retaliation targeting Ireland’s favorable corporate tax arrangements or market access for Irish exports. Ireland also benefits from rules-based trade that prevents larger European countries from favoring their national champions over Irish companies. These concerns represent legitimate interests that must be balanced against imperatives for strategic autonomy and industrial protection.